Useful notes for medical students

Click here to view an earlier site with useful notes, unfortunately some images have been lost, however all the text is still present.

Diabetic retinopathy

Management of diabetic retinopathy

diabetic papillopathy

Background Diabetic Retinopathy:

Microaneurysms
Dot and Blot hemorrhages
Hard exudates (Lipid deposition)

FIGURE 1 MICROANEURYSMS HIGHLIGHTED BY YELLOW RINGS

Figure 2 Hard exudates

Pre Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

IRMA
FLAME HEMORRHAGES
VENOUS BEADING
OMEGA LOOPING OF VENULES
COTTON WOOL SPOTS

FIGURE 3 COTTON WOOL SPOTS HIGHLIGHTED IN THE YELLOW CIRCLE

FIGURE 4 Showing IRMA, Cotton wool spots and Flame hemorrhages.

PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Neovasculariation of disc (NVD)
Neovasculariation elsewhere (NVE)
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Tractional retinal detachment

FIGURE 5 Neovasculariation of disc (NVD) and elsewhere (NVE) plus hard exudates within the macular region.

Figure 6 illustrates new abnormal retinal blood vessels which are fragile and may bleed.

References:

www.diabeticretinopathy.org.uk
Michael Colucciello, MD Diabetic retinopathy Control of systemic factors preserves vision Vol 116 / no 1 / July 2004 / postgraduate medicine
Javitt JC, Canner JK, Sommer A. Cost effectiveness of current approaches to the control of retinopathy in type I diabetics. Ophthalmology 1989;96(2):255-64
Caro JJ, Ward AJ, O'Brien JA. Lifetime costs of complications resulting from type 2 diabetes in the US. Diabetes Care 2002;25(3):476-81
Bresnick GH, Mukamel DB, Dickinson JC, et al. A screening approach to the surveillance of patients with diabetes for the presence of vision-threatening retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2000;107(1):19-24
Ferris FL 3rd, Davis MD, Aiello LM. Treatment of diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med 1999;341(9):667-78 The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;29(14):977-86
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XVII. The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology 1998;105(10):1801-15
Aiello LM. Perspectives on diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136(1):122-35
Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM, et al. Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet 1998;351(9095):28-31
Chaturvedi N. Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system and retinopathy. Heart 2000;84(Suppl 1):i29-31
Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL 3rd, et al. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114(9):1079-84

Useful notes for medical students

Click here to view an earlier site with useful notes, unfortunately some images have been lost, however all the text is still present.

Diabetes and the eye

Risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy

Microaneurysm

Diabetic retinopathy

Management of diabetic retinopathy

diabetic papillopathy

Background Diabetic Retinopathy:

Microaneurysms

Dot and Blot hemorrhages

Hard exudates (Lipid deposition)

FIGURE 1 MICROANEURYSMS HIGHLIGHTED BY YELLOW RINGS

Figure 2 Hard exudates

Pre Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

IRMA

FLAME HEMORRHAGES

VENOUS BEADING

OMEGA LOOPING OF VENULES

COTTON WOOL SPOTS

FIGURE 3 COTTON WOOL SPOTS HIGHLIGHTED IN THE YELLOW CIRCLE

FIGURE 4 Showing IRMA, Cotton wool spots and Flame hemorrhages.

PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Neovasculariation of disc (NVD)

Neovasculariation elsewhere (NVE)

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Tractional retinal detachment

FIGURE 5 Neovasculariation of disc (NVD) and elsewhere (NVE) plus hard exudates within the macular region.

Figure 6 illustrates new abnormal retinal blood vessels which are fragile and may bleed.

References:

www.diabeticretinopathy.org.uk

Michael Colucciello, MD Diabetic retinopathy Control of systemic factors preserves vision Vol 116 / no 1 / July 2004 / postgraduate medicine

Javitt JC, Canner JK, Sommer A. Cost effectiveness of current approaches to the control of retinopathy in type I diabetics. Ophthalmology 1989;96(2):255-64

Caro JJ, Ward AJ, O'Brien JA. Lifetime costs of complications resulting from type 2 diabetes in the US. Diabetes Care 2002;25(3):476-81

Bresnick GH, Mukamel DB, Dickinson JC, et al. A screening approach to the surveillance of patients with diabetes for the presence of vision-threatening retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2000;107(1):19-24

Ferris FL 3rd, Davis MD, Aiello LM. Treatment of diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med 1999;341(9):667-78 The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;29(14):977-86

Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XVII. The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology 1998;105(10):1801-15

Aiello LM. Perspectives on diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136(1):122-35

Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM, et al. Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet 1998;351(9095):28-31

Chaturvedi N. Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system and retinopathy. Heart 2000;84(Suppl 1):i29-31

Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL 3rd, et al. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114(9):1079-84